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[勞思光] [許國宏]  [呂健吉] [郭朝順] [黃冠閔] [伍至學] [龔維正] [陳振崑] [冀劍制]


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華梵大學哲學系西洋哲學史(二)期中考考題

2004,04,14

 

一、              在亞理斯多德的《物理學》第二卷第七章中有下述文字:The “why” is referred ultimately either (1) to the “what” (to the definition of “straight line” or “commensurable”, etc.), in things which do not involve motion, e.g. in mathematics; or (2) to what initiated a motion, e.g. “why did they go to war?—because there had been a raid”; or (3) we are inquiring “ for the sake of of what?”—“that they may rule”; or (4), in the case of things that come into being, we are looking for matter. 試說明此段文字與四原因說的關連,並另外舉一個例子說明。(20%

二、              亞理斯多德指出,固然我們所看到的形狀都是個別的形狀(如,銳角三角形,長方形等等),但是我們仍然能夠對於「形狀」這個詞的一般意義加以界定,產生理解;同樣地,我們對於「靈魂」的一般意義也可以如此界定,因此,對於靈魂的最一般意義似乎是:「任何活著的東西(anything that is alive)」或者「任何能夠使得活物有生命的東西(whatever it is that makes living things alive)」;請問,(1)這種對於靈魂的界定該如何理解?除了人有靈魂之外,其他的生物有靈魂否?其功能如何?10%2)亞理斯多德還以視覺與眼睛作類比來討論靈魂與身體的關係,請問此種靈魂-身體的關係跟靈魂的一般意義是否相抵觸?說明你的理由。10%

三、              亞理斯多德在尼可瑪倫理學(Nicomachean Ethics)中將善(the Good, agathon)跟幸福(happiness, eudaimonia)等同起來,(1)請問其理由何在?10%2)為什麼善跟德行(virtue, arete)是緊密相關的呢?(試著從靈魂的功能或活動<function or activity, ergon>與理性的關係來推論。)10%

四、              亞理斯多德的德行倫理學(ethics of virtues)以中道(中庸,the mean, meson)為原則,以下文字乃是關鍵的描述: « virtue is concerned with emotions and actions, and here excess is an error and deficiency a fault, whereas the mean is successful and laudable, and success and merit are both characteristics of virtue. It appears then that virtue is a mean state, so far at least as it aims at the mean. » 請翻譯,並加以說明,最好可以舉例。10% error 錯誤,fault虛妄,laudable可稱頌的,merit功過,characteristics特徵,state狀態

五、              伊比鳩魯學派跟斯多噶學派都被歸為享樂主義(eudaimonian school),請比較兩者對於幸福的觀點與獲取方法的歧異處。15%

六、              Sextus Empiricus屬於庇羅派的懷疑主義(Pyrrhonian skeptics),他認為幸福乃是獲取平靜,而懷疑的方法可以達到此目的,請問在懷疑之中將判斷加以擱置(suspension of judgment)為何與平靜有關?10%這種懷疑論的處世態度跟犬儒學派(Cynicism)對於幸福的態度有什麼差別? 5%