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[勞思光] [許國宏]  [呂健吉] [郭朝順] [黃冠閔] [伍至學] [龔維正] [陳振崑] [冀劍制]

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Test in the course “ History of Western Philosophy, IV”

Translation test (Leibniz, monadology):

1.     The monad which we are to discuss here is nothing but a simple substance which enters into compounds. Simple means without parts. (§1)

2.     The natural change in monads come from an internal principle, since an external cause could not influence their interior. (§11)

3.     There are two kinds of truths, truths of reasoning and truths of fact. Truths of reasoning are necessary, and their opposite is impossible. Truths of fact are contingent, and their opposite is possible. When a truth is necessary, the reason for it can be found by analysis, resolving it into more simple ideas and truths until we reach the primitive. (§33)

4.     The body belonging to a monad which is its entelechy or soul constitutes what may be called a living being with that entelechy; with a soul it constitutes an animal. Now the body of a living being or an animal is always organic for since every monad is a mirror of the universe in its own way, and the universe is regulated in perfect order, there must also be an order in the being which represents it (…). (§63)